Romeo and Mercutio Essays - 1132 Words

Throughout the works of William Shakespeare, the main character is complemented with another character that acts or serves as the protagonists foil. In Romeo Juliet, the protagonist, Romeo, is fickle, idealistic, impractical and naà ¯ve. To balance Romeo as a character, Shakespeare creates Mercutio; a good friend of Romeos who acts as his conscience. While Romeo has an idealistic perspective of the world and more specifically of love, Mercutio balances Romeos weak points as a dreamer. Mercutio is pragmatic, sensible, and clever and a master on word play. Throughout the play, Mercutio mocks Romeos naà ¯ve and ridiculous fascination with love. Early in the play, Romeo goes on and on about his deep infatuation with the beautiful Rosaline.†¦show more content†¦These two characters exist on a two different spectrums. This scene reinforces that while Romeo is a dreamer; Mercutio is the sensible character of the two and helps to keep Romeo as a character grounded and rational. W hen Romeo tells Mercutio that he Â…talkst of nothing, Mercutio responds by saying that dreamsÂ…are the children of an idle brain. (Scene 1, Act 4) After the ball and after Romeo lays his eyes on Juliet, Romeo decides that he cannot possibly return home. He decides to climb the wall that surrounds the Capulet property and search for Juliet. Mercutio and Benvolio try to find Romeo to no avail. Mercutio mocks Romeos ridiculous and fickle obsession with love, Nay, Ill conjure too. Romeo! Humours! Madman! Passion! Lover! Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh: Speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied; Cry but Ay me! pronounce but love and dove; Speak to my gossip Venus one fair wordÂ… I conjure thee by Rosalines bright eyes, By her high forehead and her scarlet lip, By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thigh And the demesnes that there adjacent lie, That in thy likeness thou appear to us! (Act 2, Scene 1) Benvolio warns Mercutio that if Romeo could hear, thou wilt anger him. (Act 2, Scene 1) It is evident in this scene that Mercutio sees Romeos love as fickle as he was droning on and on about hisShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet Character Analysis - Mercutio1427 Words   |  6 Pagescreated some of the most dynamic and interesting characters in written history, and in Romeo and Juliet there were several memorable ones. Aside from the hero and heroine, the voluble and witty Mercutio is as memorable a character as is found in all of Shakespeares plays. H e acts as a significant character in terms of plot advancement; but more importantly, Mercutio himself is a fascinating man in many aspects. Mercutio is not part of the Montague family, he is however a friend of Romeos and relatedRead MoreEssay The Memorable Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet890 Words   |  4 Pages The Memorable Mercutio Shakespeare created many incredible plays during his lifetime: tragedies, comedies and histories. One of Shakespeares most famous plays is the tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Furthermore, one of his greatest creations, as well as most memorable character, lies within the pages of this tale. Although he died early on, Mercutio spent his time entertaining the audience with every act and word. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, Mercutio displays notable acts of witty humor, loyalty andRead MoreEssay on Relationship between Mercutio and Romeo577 Words   |  3 PagesRelationship between Mercutio and Romeo The character of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet plays an important role in providing humour. He can draw a number of comparisons and contrasts to other characters with his quick wit and upbeat attitude. His relationship with Romeo is made interesting by the fact that he is neither a Montague nor Capulet, but a neutral in the rivalry of the two houses. Mercutio is a spontaneous, wild and energetic character, â€Å"Nay gentle Romeo, we must haveRead More Mercutio as Catalyst in Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet2317 Words   |  10 PagesMercutio as Catalyst in Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, the quick-witted character Mercutio â€Å"is a notorious scene-stealer† (Utterback 105). Mercutio’s major function in the play is to be a catalyst for the plot. Mercutio’s purpose as a character is most significantly revealed in his relationship with Romeo, his baiting of Tybalt, and his death. More importantly, Mercutio functions as the catalyst for the pattern of disasters in theRead MoreThe Importance of Mercutio to the Plot and Action of Romeo and Juliet509 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Mercutio to the Plot and Action of Romeo and Juliet I believe that, although Mercutio is introduced to the play quite late and his death occurs not too long after, much of the plays action, interesting dialogue and comic relief revolves around him, making Mercutio quite a central character. It is Mercutio who inadvertently brings the two lovers together for the first time when he lures Romeo to the gathering at Lord Capulets residence Read MoreA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet Essays1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison of Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet For this assignment I intend to write and discuss the differences and similarities of two characters portrayed in the play Romeo and Juliet. As well as describing and analysing them I will also show how these characters are presented in two adaptations of films by two different directors Zeffirelli and Lurhmann. These two characters are Mercutio and Tybalt; both characters play an important role as they both affect Read More The Roles of Nurse and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesMercutio and Nurse, the companions of Romeo and Juliet, do not fully understand true love. Their outlook on life and sex is quite different from the two main characters. This variation is intended to be, and is what makes them comical characters. Nurse and Mercutio are parallel because they both supply the personality in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† that is not possessed by the two main characters. The aspect that is shown by Romeo and Juliet is love. Nurse and Mercutio provide the humor throughout the playRead MoreThe Significance of Mercutio in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe Significance of Mercutio in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is about two lovers whose families are at war and how the two overcome the family feud for their love for each other. Mercutio is one of the central characters in the play; he is one of the princes kinsmen and is best friend to Romeo of the Montague household. The name Mercutio is derived for the word mercurial which means eloquent, active and changeable; Mercutio is all three because Read MoreThe Role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay examples528 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet In William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, each character plays a specific role in driving the action forward and shaping the plays theme. One secondary character, Mercutio, is essential to the play. Mercutio is the Princes kinsman, but more importantly, he is Romeos friend and confidant. Mercutios concern is always for Romeo and for peace between the two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. Mercutio is the firstRead MoreEssay on Mercutio of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1389 Words   |  6 PagesMercutio of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Although the story of Romeo and Juliet does not focus on Mercutio, to many, he is one of the most interesting characters in literature. His name puns on the word mercurial which meansunpredictably changeable. His unsteady behavior makes him wise beyond his intentions. Arecurring trend in Shakespeare’s plays is the existence of a witty fool and many foolish wits. People such as Romeo, Friar Laurence, and Capulet are people who are made out to be

Mongolia Facts, Religion, Language, and History

Mongolia takes pride in its nomadic roots. Befitting this tradition, there are no major cities in the country other than Ulaan Baatar, the Mongolian capital. Government Since 1990, Mongolia has had a multi-party parliamentary democracy. All citizens over the age of 18 can vote.  The head of state is the President, but executive power is shared with the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister nominates the Cabinet, which is approved by the legislature. The legislative body is called the Great Hural, which is made up of 76 deputies. Mongolia has a civil law system that is based on the laws of Russia and continental Europe.  The highest court is the Constitutional Court, which primarily hears questions of constitutional law. Population Mongolias population rose above three million in the 2010s. An additional four million ethnic Mongols live in Inner Mongolia, which is part of China. Approximately 94 percent of the population of Mongolia are ethnic Mongols, mainly from the Khalkha clan. About nine percent of the ethnic Mongols come from the Durbet, Dariganga, and other clans.  An estimated five percent of Mongolian citizens are members of Turkic peoples, primarily Kazakhs and Uzbeks. There are also tiny populations of other minorities, including Tuvans, Tungus, Chinese, and Russians, which number at less than one percent each. Languages Khalkha Mongol is the official language of Mongolia and the primary language of 90 percent of Mongolians. Other tongues used in Mongolia include different dialects of Mongolian, Turkic languages (such as Kazakh, Tuvan, and Uzbek), and Russian. Khalkha is written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Russian is the most common foreign language spoken in Mongolia, although both English and Korean are used as well. Mongolian Religion The vast majority of Mongolians, around 94 percent of the population, practice Tibetan Buddhism. The Gelugpa, or Yellow Hat, school of Tibetan Buddhism gained prominence in Mongolia during the 16th century. Six percent of the Mongolian population are Sunni Muslim, mainly members of the Turkic minorities.  Two percent of Mongolians are Shamanist, following the traditional belief system of the region. Mongolian Shamanists worship their ancestors and the clear blue sky. The total makeup of Mongolias religions is above 100 percent because some Mongolians practice both Buddhism and Shamanism. Geography Mongolia is a land-locked country sandwiched between Russia and China. It covers an area of about 1,564,000 square kilometers, making it roughly the size of Alaska. Mongolia is known for its steppe lands. These are the dry, grassy plains that support the traditional Mongolian herding lifestyle. Some areas of Mongolia are mountainous, however, while others are desert. The highest point in Mongolia is Nayramadlin Orgil, at 4,374 meters (14,350 feet) tall. The lowest point is Hoh Nuur, at 518 meters (1,700 feet) tall. Climate Mongolia has a harsh continental climate with very little rainfall and wide seasonal temperature variations. Winters are long and bitterly cold in Mongolia, with average temperatures in January hovering around -30 C (-22 F). Capital Ulaan Bataar is the coldest and windiest nation capital on Earth. Summers are short and hot, and most precipitation falls during the summer months. Rain and snowfall totals are only 20-35 cm (8-14 inches) per year in the north and 10-20 cm (4-8 inches) in the south. Nevertheless, freak snowstorms sometimes drop more than a meter (3 feet) of snow, burying livestock. Economy The economy of Mongolia depends upon mineral mining, livestock and animal products, and textiles. Minerals are a primary export, including copper, tin, gold, molybdenum, and tungsten. The currency of Mongolia is the tugrik. History Mongolias nomadic people have at times hungered for goods from settled cultures — items such as fine metal-work, silk cloth, and weapons. To get these items, the Mongols would unite and raid surrounding peoples. The first great confederation was the Xiongnu, organized in 209 B.C. The Xiongnu were such a persistent threat to Chinas Qin Dynasty that the Chinese began work on a massive fortification: the Great Wall of China. In 89 A.D., the Chinese defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The Xiongnu fled west, eventually making their way to Europe. There, they became known as the Huns. Other tribes soon took their place. First the Gokturks, then the Uighurs, the Khitans, and the Jurchens gained ascendancy in the region. Mongolias fractious tribes were united in 1206 A.D. by a warrior named Temujin, who became known as Genghis Khan. He and his successors conquered most of Asia, including the Middle East, and Russia. The Mongol Empires strength waned after the overthrow of their centerpiece, the Yuan Dynasty rulers of China, in 1368. In 1691, the Manchus, founders of Chinas Qing Dynasty, conquered Mongolia. Although the Mongols of Outer Mongolia retained some autonomy, their leaders had to swear an oath of allegiance to the Chinese emperor.  Mongolia was a province of China between 1691 and 1911, and again from 1919 to 1921. The present-day border between Inner (Chinese) Mongolia and Outer (independent) Mongolia was drawn in 1727 when Russia and China signed the Treaty of Khiakta.  As the Manchu Qing Dynasty grew weaker in China, Russia began to encourage Mongolian nationalism. Mongolia declared its independence from China in 1911 when the Qing Dynasty fell. Chinese troops recaptured Outer Mongolia in 1919, while the Russians were distracted by their revolution. However, Moscow occupied Mongolias capital at Urga in 1921, and Outer Mongolia became a Peoples Republic under Russian influence in 1924.  Japan invaded Mongolia in 1939 but was thrown back by Soviet-Mongolian troops. Mongolia joined the UN in 1961. At that time, relations between the Soviets and Chinese were souring rapidly. Caught in the middle, Mongolia tried to remain neutral.  In 1966, the Soviet Union sent a large number of ground forces into Mongolia to face down the Chinese. Mongolia began to expel its ethnic Chinese citizens in 1983. In 1987, Mongolia began to pull away from the USSR. It established diplomatic relations with the U.S. and saw large-scale pro-democracy protests in 1989 and 1990. The first democratic elections for the Great Hural were held in 1990, and the first presidential election in 1993.  In the decades after Mongolias peaceful transition to democracy began, the country developed slowly but steadily. Source Mongolia Population. WorldOMeters, 2019.

Dissertation Proposal - 1301 Words

Dissertation Proposal: An investigation of empathy and social problem solving among different bullying groups: A study of male prisoners. A. Formulation of Research Question ‘What works’ research suggests that cognitive behavioural interventions produce the most effective recidivism results among offender populations. Therefore, it would be just to suggest that this type of intervention would be beneficial when reducing bullying and victimisation within the same population. Cognitive deficits that are related to offending attitudes and behaviour include social problem solving (Freedman, Rosenthal, Donahoe, Schlindt and McFall, 1978), and empathy (Covell and Scalora, 2002) among others. As bullying is an interaction with†¦show more content†¦However, because direct/indirect forms of bullying are being measured the full purpose of the study will be explained when debriefing occurs; immediately proceeding tests to reduce any emotional stress that may have occurred. Lastly participants will have the opportunity to receive research summaries and will be given details of how to obtain these. F. Analysis A percentage of results will be used to check accuracy via inputting means, standard deviations and minimum and maximum scoring of questionnaires, ensuring missing values are categorised correctly. Missing value analysis will be used to identify any trends and managed appropriately. If outliers are identified, transformation, alteration or deletion will commence. The skew and kurtosis will be tested for significance. Tests for homogeneity of variance will be performed and managed appropriately. Descriptive statistics will be obtained followed by between-subjects analyses e.g. ANOVA or MANOVA. G. Critique To avoid discrimination on illiteracy grounds, participants will complete study material in individual interviews. This may have an impact upon honesty as participants may be guarded when expressing truthfulness because of fears of repercussions. This can be overcome by giving appropriate information packs and offering individual time outside of interviews. This method would also alleviate victims and bullies completing study material in group settings, thus avoidingShow MoreRelatedGraduate Writing Center: Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals7304 Words   |  30 PagesWriting a Thesis or Dissertation Proposal 1 Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals The Graduate Writing Center of the Center for Excellence in Writing Overview: This workshop will introduce basic principles of writing proposals across a range of disciplines. It will present practical strategies, and it will include examples of successful proposals. Goals 1. To introduce strategies for bridging the gap between coursework/beginning research and thesis writing. 2. To help you understand theRead MoreDissertation Proposal1339 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects the GDP. So, the interest rates, consumption and the GDP are interrelated. Thus, I intend to demonstrate the correlation between ‘interest rates and consumption’ and ‘interest rates and GDP’ of the United Kingdom, in short run, through this dissertation. Aim: * To identify the correlation between interest rates and consumption in the United Kingdom. * To identify the correlation between interest rates and GDP of the United Kingdom. Objectives: * To find the relationship betweenRead MoreProposal for a Animation Dissertation3013 Words   |  13 PagesThree initial ideas for dissertation. 1. Analogue film and its imprint on the digital era. This thesis for a dissertation would have set about to analyse the relationship between analogue and digital filmmaking and the differences in these practices since the rise of the latter’s popularity and usability. The paper would have evaluated digital filmmaking practices and the new range of techniques that modern technology has brought about, giving reference to the rise of importance in editingRead MoreDissertation Proposal on Managing Diversity of Workforce18916 Words   |  76 Pagesthis work is to complete a research proposal on the comparison of work values for gaining of knowledge for management of the multi-generation workforce. The specific focus is upon Generation ‘X’ and the Millennium Generation which are the two primary groups comprising the new workforce. Lawsson R.D. - Identifying and Managing Diversity of Workforce 216 Business Intelligence Journal January OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to complete a research proposal on the comparison of work valuesRead MoreWaiting Times At Clinics And The General Organization Of The Proposal1707 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper serves as an introduction to a dissertation. It shall introduce the scope of the dissertation by discussing the problem, the background of the problem, the purpose of the proposal, the scope of the proposal and the general organization of the proposal. The thesis of the dissertation is wait times at clinics and how that time can be reduced to obtain efficiency at clinics. Problem Statement The subject of this paper is waiting times at clinics and how that time can be minimizedRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead More3521 Unit 1 Essay example10967 Words   |  44 PagesCommunication in English Unit 1 Planning project proposals Unit 1 Planning project proposals Learning outcomes At the end of the unit, you will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ plan and organise project proposals explain the background, objectives and method of a project refer to the literature to justify a project proposal use appropriate language in project proposals Introduction Part of the work involved in a research project is the writing of the project proposal. The proposal is a brief account of the topic or areaRead MoreThe Creativity Tools : Wibni And Mind Mapping983 Words   |  4 Pagesin the appendix. Different dimensions of final year project / dissertation have been presented in different colors. Each dimension represents a milestone which the student desires to accomplish. The first dimension i.e. topic selection is presented in red color since it is the most critical and difficult phase in every dissertation. The nature and difficulty of all the work which is required to be done in further steps of dissertation depends upon the topic which will be selected in first phase.Read MoreA Research Study On Selecting A Committee965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe process of preparing for a dissertation. As the researcher engage in the process and in conjunction with the committee chair and members the goal will be to define the research topic, develop the researchers’ proposal and engage in the process of drafting while critiquing the entire research in a n attempt to compose and ensure the researcher completes his or her dissertation. Scholars Wu and Beaunae (2014) suggests, the process of finishing a doctoral dissertation is a process that requires theRead MoreAn Investigation on the Importance of Brand Names to Consumers1586 Words   |  7 PagesThis research proposal will report other authors who have commented on brands. The author will be conducting primary research in forms of questionnaires and interviews. This is an important study for the reason that it demonstrates the way people buy and the justifications of their choice. Aims Objectives or Hypothesis: Research question: Why brand names are important to consumers? Aims Objectives. The main objective of the proposal is to examine

American Peoples Privacy Is Being Spied on by the NSA and...

The American people privacy is violated by the NSA. Everyday person today in the USA uses technology to communicate and pleasure use: e-mail, texting, social networks, calling, blogs, forums, instant messaging, Internet and using search engines. The American people personal computer or electronic information is spied on and collect by the NSA this is wrong this is violating the fourth amendment. Who is spying and collecting personal electronic information from American people by the National Security Agency known as NSA. They are looking for criminal or terrorist activities while using electronic communication but there really looking into people’s personal information who is not terrorists or criminal’s just citizens. NSA started†¦show more content†¦Armed Forces Security Agency established under the authority of the Department of Defense on May 20, 1949. National Security Agency was established by the executive order under President Harry S. Truman. Not until 1957 NSA confirmed by the federal government. â€Å"The NSA is regulated by federal law, the executive branch, the Constitution, and the Department of Defense.† â€Å"An oversight procedure is in place to guarantee NSA compliance with various rules and regulations.† (National Security Agency). NSA had three top-secret programs that were kept away from them public from knowing. Until Edward Snowden has leaked the three programs are: phone records, PRISM, and boundless informant according to USA Today. What is phone records? They are Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to convince Verizon to turn over phone records to the NSA. The telephone records are metadata of phone calls the telephone number duration and the location of the calls. The command does not authorize eavesdropping (â€Å"Three secret programs no longer secret†). What is PRISM? A secret program that advance direct access to the servers of Internet providers like Yahoo, Google, Apple and Facebook (Three secret programs no longer secret). Why PRISM NSA program was was created? PRISMS happen in 2007 when the Protect America Act of 2007. According to Verge this led to the creation of a secret NSA program called US-984XN known as PRISM. The program said to be aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Documentary Citizenfour An Hbo Documentary, Directed By Laura Poitras1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe fear of the invasion of privacy has been among the American population, ever since rumors of government spying after the events of 9/11. The NSA or National Security Agency denied accusations of spying on Americans for years. It was’t until 2013 when ex-NSA worker, Edward Snowden, released secret information entailing the real activities of the NSA, involving access to virtually any American’s private life. In Citizenfour, an HBO documentary, directed by Laura Poitras, Edward Snowden contactsRead MoreMonitoring And Collection Of Phone Data1521 Words   |  7 Pageshas arisen about the monitoring and collection of phone data. It is a matter of privacy versus security; in order for the country to be more secure against terrorism, the public must give up some privacy in the form of phone data. Phone data should only be collected when it comes to serious threats to national security using a warrant provided by the judicial system to collect a specific person’s or group of people’s phone data. 9/11 was the largest attack ever on U.S. soil and prompted a governmentRead MoreEdward Snowden: Hero or Traitor?1053 Words   |  5 PagesAfter September 11th, Americans looked to the government for protection and reassurance. However, they did not expect to find out thirteen years later that the government did this by using technology to spy on Americans, as well as other countries. George W. Bush began the policy shortly after the terrorist attack and Barack Obama continued it. There have been many confrontations over the years about the extent of the N.S.A.’s spying; however, the most recent whistle-blower, Edward Snowden, leakedRead MoreThe Articles Of The Constitution1944 Words   |  8 Pagesof amendments, with the 1st, 4th, and 5th Amendments being most important and controversial when having to do with Government Surveillance. The first amendment is known as the â€Å"Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press; Rights of Assembly and Petition,† taken directly f rom the constitution. This amendment gives individuals the right to express themselves as Americans without any government interference. This also gives the ability for Americans to petition the government to seek change. The fourthRead MoreViolation Of Twelfth Amendment Throughout The Digital Age2625 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Violation of 4th Amendment in the digital age. Intro: Imagine being watched at every hour, every minute, every second, of the day, WITHOUT consent. Not just you, but your wife or husband, your children, nieces, nephews, and for some grandchildren. One of the many things that Americans value and are proud to defend with their very lives, is having the right to have rights. Now when those same rights then become endangered, the last thing a person would think is that the same people who makeRead MoreLegal Ethics ( Lgls445 )4088 Words   |  17 Pagescontract when he spied on his employer and aired the dirty linen of the company in the public. That is open to debate whether there is any justification for the employees to keep to themselves any information that they find questionable about the activities of the employer. On the contrary, the proponents of Snowden’s actions are adamant, in that it was a bold step towards the rationalization of the world. They argue that it serves excellent course to defend the world as oppose d to being driven by individual

Cross Culture Management in China

Question: Describe about the Cross Culture Management? Answer: Executive Summary In the period of rapid growth in context of the globalization and development of economy, there are many companies that have tried to expand their business in international markets. A subsequent issue in this development in the administrative connotation of the cross culture management. The aim of this report is to gain the understanding about the managers who are trying to analyze the global market in order to expand their business operations in the United States and China, who are the worlds top economy, and give wide opportunities for business expansion. The report will also include about the impact of culture on different aspects of the business like communication style, styles of negotiation, loyalty of the company, protocol followed in business, role of genders at the workplace and business decision making. This report focuses on the businesses in America that are more open and direct and dont take much time before taking any decisions. In China, they stress over the prestige o f others; therefore, they prefer indirect communication approach. In China, they consider decision making as time consuming. Introduction Due to the globalization and developments taking place in economies, multinational companies are getting even more prevalent (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Its noted that cross cultural communication brings challenge for the managers. Culture as defined by Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov (2010) mentions it as software of mind, which creates influence on the patterns of people behavior and thinking. People thinking influences the living and working life of the people. For example, United States and China have different cultures that create difference in their way of behavior and in thinking. Its evident that economic globalization is also contributing the multinational organizations in order to enhance the demands of the customers, increase in research and developments projects, global outsourcing and increase in demand at financial markets (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Though there is advancement in technology that creates the distance among the nations, as well as management practices that are avoided due to the cultural boundaries (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Its noted that in businesses through negotiation and joint venture with the companies in foreign countries, the cultural diversity has offered the hint of reaction about the behavior of others. Therefore, for becoming successful in accessing the international markets, its important that the companies should gain the knowledge about the diversity in cultures before they formulate any business strategy (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Organizations that are expanding their business in overseas market have to face the various issues due to cross cultural communication. Bandias (2012) have claimed about the communication, which is the approach through which every member could try to establish cooperation in order fulfill the goal of the company (Bandias 2012). In the multi-cultural companies it is significant that the managers should hold on to the frequent communication and knowledge about the goals of the company (Bandias 2012). This report will try to analyze about United States and China, which are the largest economies of the world. The report will also refer the five dimensions of Greet Hofstede that focuses on national culture along with different academic theories in order to explore the style of national management (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Negotiation Style According to Salacuse (1991), there exist ten components that mostly occurs to create challenges in the negotiations between inter cultures (Salacuse 1991). The report will make use of these components in order to explore the differences in cultures that mainly occur through the process of negotiation among the leading international powerhouses like United States and China (Salacuse 1991). This report will make use of cultural factors in order to measure the negotiating styles of United States and China, although its is claimed by Salacuse (1991) that through initiating the national negotiations must consider the national culture along with the influence of individuals like the cultures of gender, background, age, religion, race, and education. Salacuse (1991) explores the 10 traits, which mainly encounter the negotiations taking place in cross culture (Salacuse 1991). Negotiating Goal: Contract Or Relationship The main aim of the negotiation differentiates between the cultures. The basic goal of negotiation for some cultures is to move towards the deal and the sign in the contract, where else in some cultures it is viewed as the set up for the long term relationship among the parties that lead towards the contract (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). Its noted that in China, the development of intercultural relations holds the highest priority above the commercial transactions (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). Its true that relationships are in the Confucianism heart. According to the perception of Chinese, any relationship among the business groups is mainly built over the relationship that exists between the individuals. Therefore, trust needs to be set up before participating in the relationship of business that too at the stage of negotiation that is important in china. In contrast to this, people of United States are more attached with the signed contract (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). This might happen as the negotiators over there are lawyers and as per the virtue of the training given in the law schools they prefer negotiation according to signed contract (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). Therefore, once the agreement is meet out, it is considered as final and every party should adhere with the signed contract. Therefore, they rush towards the preliminary stage that leads towards the misunderstanding that too mutually that could negatively impact the process of negotiation (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). Negotiating Attitude: Win-Win Or Win-Lose Parties from the variant cultures comes together for the negotiation with the attitude of either win-lose or either win-win (Rudman and Kilianski 2000). The negotiators with the attitude of win-win perceive the negotiators as they are placing the collaborative efforts, through which both the parties could get benefit. Where else the negotiators having the attitude of win-lose mainly result at one side of win and other side of lose. Its noted that both China and America perceive negotiation with the attitude of win-win. Personal Style: Informal Or Formal Culture often influences the negotiators personal style (Cellich and Jain 2004). Negotiators that follow the formal style actually address their counterparts through the titles and try to avoid the discussion on the personal issues (Cellich and Jain 2004). In contrasts to this, negotiators from the informal cultures try to attempt towards setting up the friendly relations (Cellich and Jain 2004). Its noted that Americans are actually more informal in comparison to the Chinese. Americans often address one another through their first name, even if they are acquaintances of each other (Cellich and Jain 2004). In contrast to this, people in china often address one another in the very formal manner as they consider it as the sign of respect; only people who know one another call others with their name such as spouses or either friends (Cellich and Jain 2004). In China it is advised that the negotiators should try to respect the relevant formalities while working in the foreign culture. Its noted that Americans try to prefer the informal conversations in order to develop the relationship with each other, by using the first name and they can even discuss the contract details (Cellich and Jain 2004). Where else, Chinese prefer to address the counterparts through their titles and aim that the business talks to be formal instead of private at the table of negotiation (Cellich and Jain 2004). Communication: Direct Or Indirect Cultures might get differ in the styles of preferred communication (Cellich and Jain 2004). There are some cultural values that are direct and there are some simple methods of communication, where else the preferred complex and indirect methods are use of speech, body language, along with facial expressions. The direct style is considered as the feature of the United States that is conveyed straightforward with trustworthiness and honestly (Cellich and Jain 2004). Where else, its evident that Chinese holds the indirect style that is considered as ambiguous and vague. For instance, smiling is considered as the common communication means, when the people interact. However, it could express various meanings like denial as well as cooperation, joy or either anger, distrust or either trust; therefore it could be perceive as mask (Cellich and Jain 2004). Sensitivity To Time: High Or Low Its true that attitude sometimes can get different between the various cultures (Dong and Liu 2010). The people in China prefer to have slow negotiations, where else the Americans believe that the time is actually money and they are usually in the hurry to come at the deal conclusion. This implies there contrasting perception over the reason behind the negotiation (Dong and Liu 2010). The culture of China has the long lasting orientation that moves towards the situations of consuming the important time in order to analyze the situation for building up the relationship with the counterparts. There are some people in China who explore that the higher the time spends over the situation of negotiation; the higher will be the probability of achieving the success on the table of negotiation (Dong and Liu 2010). The United States people often try to minimize the formalities and try to get the contrast signed, where else the people from china usually invest their time on the phase of pre-neg otiation in order to understand their potential partner of business and they try to determine if there exist any possibility of going into the long term relationship of business. Emotions: High Or Low There are some cultures that depict their emotions at the table of negotiation; where else there are some cultures who try to hide their feelings (Dong and Liu 2010). Its noted that Chinese often tend towards depicting the low emotion at the time of negotiation and they are mainly focused about saving their faces and trying to maintain their composure (Dong and Liu 2010). Therefore, they are actually offended through opposing the negotiators that might make them embarrass either intentionally or unintentionally. In the sharp contrast, people from America mainly speak out of their mind even if their counterparts might get embarrassed (Dong and Liu 2010). They understand and feel all the facts that need to be presented before the agreement is come up. The above is actually not required in the case of personalities of an individual (Dong and Liu 2010). However, it is significant for the negotiators to become aware about the specific tendency of the culture to act emotionally (Dong and L iu 2010). Form Of Agreement: General Or Specific Cultures often impact the written agreements types (Hall 1990). Its noted that people from United States prefer to get all the detailed contrasts, in which every possible risk as well as eventualities are anticipated (Hall 1990). This is due to the contract that is governed through the law. In contrast to this, people from China usually prefer to get into more general agreement as the base of the contrast that lies in the relationship among the parties (Hall 1990). Therefore, the detailed agreement acts as the proof about the lack of trust among the different parties (Hall 1990). If the unforeseen issues occur, the people in china would select negotiation or the mediation in order to resolve the matters that are compared with the litigation that is preferred by the America (Hall 1990). Building An Agreement: Bottom-Up Or Top-Down Some cultures often start negotiating over the basic principles and then they proceed towards the details such as approach of bottom up or the process of inductive (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). In contrast to this, other prefer towards first obtaining the agreements over the particular details like delivery of date and price and then they try to merge every detail in order to come at the final contract such as deductive process or either approach of top down. Its noted that American prefer to have the deductive process and try to seek an agreement over details where else Chinese prefer to adopt the bottom up approach (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). Team Organization: One Leader Versus Consensus The values of the culture highly influence over how the negotiating team is actually organized along with the power of process and power (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). There are some cultures that provide more significance towards the individuals where else others towards the groups. Its noted that people from United States prefer to adopt the one person leadership in case of negotiation such as leaders within the team will have full power to make the decisions. On contrast to this, Chinese prefer towards having huge negotiating team as its noted that authority reside with the decision making and groups take place by the consensus (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). In result of that it becomes challenging to explore who holds the power of decision making. The overseas parties not only negotiate with their counterparts, but indirectly they negotiate with the stakeholders like the government and the local authorities (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). Risk Taking: High Or Low It is actually observed that there are some cultures that are more risky in comparison with others (Lewis 1996). This creates influence over the behavior of the counterparts negotiated, whether they are able to reveal the information and how they actually deal with the uncertainties (Lewis 1996). As per the survey, both the Chinese as well as people from United States consider to be risk takers (Lewis 1996). Its noted that Americans mainly relates with the tendency to take on more risks. On the other side, Chinese place more stress over the huge amount of information that include background details and they hold the complex process of taking group decisions (Lewis 1996). Decision Making Lewis (1996) explores about the long term framework that is based on the normative decision model that make use of degree of participating employees that are permitted and encouraged in the decision making of organization (Lewis 1996). This process participation for the subordinates only receives the decisions from their bosses and then only they implement these decisions (Lewis 1996). Its noted that American holds the low power distance culture; therefore, their decision making process is spread in entire company (Lewis 1996). In America high individualism also includes the facts that there are many managers that take the decisions individually in the organizations that are decentralized (Martin 1997). Nevertheless, it is actually argued that the organizations that are decentralized with various decision makers might come up with the bad results due to many decisions (Martin 1997). Meanwhile, its noted that China has the similar process of taking decisions as America but that too in different representation, since most of the companies in China are based on family or either they are built under the relationship which creates barriers of single ability of leaders to change the culture of the organization and include wide scope of changes in culture (Martin 1997). Communication Style Communication is considered as the method to convey meaning and exchange the information from formalities, status, words, messages and body language. Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue (2003) explores the high content communication or either the message in which information is internalized or either in physical context in the person, and the other one is low context messages with is different, as in this huge information is vested in the code of explicit. In the cultures of low context, US apply the verbal communication (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). Therefore, People in US communicate in straightforward way without any doubt about the recipients. The messages of low context invest in words of explicit code. In the culture of high context, China adopt the verbal communication is actually indirect for the purpose of maintaining social harmony. Chinese often dont reject directly and they even prefer to tell the reason through non-verbal messages (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blu e 2003). Protocol It is mentioned below by the help of consultation that gives training about professional cross culture in the UK (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). Below are some examples that require to be paid attention in the workplace having cross culture in context of meetings and business greeting, and this comparison is made between China and America. The Comparison between China and America Business Greetings United States The hand shake is style of greetings They build eye contacts while greeting They call the other person by their first name In formal rituals they exchange business cards (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). China Greetings are more formal They also hand shake which is quite common They look down while greetings They address the other person with titles The Comparison between China and America in Business Meeting United States Time and punctuality is given high priority. Meetings look more relaxed but American takes it more seriously. They follow the agenda They make use of presentation, and visual aids are used to improve the case. China They arrive in meetings before the time They give more attention towards the agenda They also send agenda before the meetings, so that Chinese could have met with technical experts (Kapoor, Hughes, Baldwin and Blue 2003). Company Loyalty Loyalty of the employees is influenced through the motivational system of the company, and its also considered as national culture (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). It could also be measured through the theory of Hofstede. The power distance dimensions in China are more than America. The leadership style of autocratic causes loyalty combination towards the team leader and they are afraid of the results that lead through the harmony value and development of group in the society of China (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). In comparison to this, America is the individualistic society, and people only care about themselves and stress over their achievements. They spend their time enjoying and give more value over self sufficiency; therefore, Americans are not loyal in comparison to Chinese. Gender Roles To start with the theory of Hofstedes about the high human equality sense is mentioned in the United States due to their high individualism as well as low power distance in the society of males (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Its noted that individuals share the information; they even challenge the authorities, opinion, which present the equality sign among the two genders in the country. Its noted that In China males tend to be given administrative as well as bureaucratic positions that hold the sway in the Chinese minds. Although there are female who also contribute in growth of career, it is some time before they also hold the managerial posts (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Rewards Reward system is considered as the motivational component and mainly it relies over the culture of an organization. It should be made clear about the balance among the performance and efforts (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). As per the theory of expectancy, efforts of the employees, performance, and reward associates with one another. It is important that organizations should try to penetrate with the ability and performance of the workforce, and they should even understand their personals aims in order to offer them with the opportunity to undertake individual developments (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). However, its noted that the reward system is not only lined with the theory of expectancy, rather it also relies with the theory of work motivation like the Maslow Needs Hierarchy. Basically Americans might proceed with the rewards that are non-financial such as holidays or either promotion that leaves them with the purpose of fulfilling their short term achievements and they even spend more time with their close ones as per the indulgent culture (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). While in China they like to pursue both the non financial and financial rewards for the purpose of demonstrating their social status as per the mien-tzu principles. Work Discipline Its noted that the lower work discipline in America is actually reflected through the low power distance in the society of individuals. Its also noted that people in America re more independent as well as self centered that might lead to more work conflicts in comparison to china (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). They even dont stress over the work discipline and regulations. Its noted that Confucianism in China, that significantly implies with the work discipline and even try to acknowledge the power through the help of hierarchies. People are also made to learn to respect the school rules or rules at company, home and in society when they are young (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010). Conclusion In the global business negotiations, it is significant to understand the counterparts culture along with issues that might occur in the negotiation process. Through this study one can easily view that are certain marked variations in the negotiation styles of America and Chinese people that stem from the differences in culture between the two countries. Knowledge about these variations will enable the negotiators to analyze and understand the behavior of negotiation of their counterparts through the perception towards taking the negotiation proceeds forward. However, it is also crucial not to permit the stereotypes of culture to determine about the relationship through the help of potential partners of business. References Bandias, S. 2012. Student Study Pack: PRBM016- Cross-Cultural Management. Darwin: Charles Darwin University. Cellich, C. and Jain S.C. 2004. Global Business Negotiations: A Practical Guide, 1st edn. USA: South-Western, Thomson. Dong, K. and Liu, Y. 2010.Cross-cultural management in China. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17(3), pp. 223-243. Hall, E.T. 1990. The Silent Language, Anchor. New York. Steers et al. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. and Minkov, M. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kapoor, S., Hughes, P.C., Baldwin, J.R. and Blue, J. 2003. The relationship of individualismcollectivism and self-construals to communication styles in India and US. International journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(6), pp. 683-700. Lewis, R. 1996. When Cultures Collide: Managing successfully across cultures, 2nd edn. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Martin, D. 1997. Contractual aspects of cross-cultural negotiations. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 15(1), pp. 19-27. Rudman, L.A. and Kilianski, S.E. 2000. Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), pp. 1315- 1328. Salacuse, J.W. 1991. Making Global Deals: Negotiating in the International Marketplace. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Resurrection and Body Paragraph free essay sample

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